# ステージ 1: ビルド
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
 
# ステージ 2: 実行（最終イメージ）
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder /app/package.json ./
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

# ビルド（最終ステージのみがイメージに含まれる）
docker build -t my-app:v1.0.0 .
 
# 特定のステージまでビルド
docker build --target builder -t my-app-builder .
 
# ビルド進捗の詳細表示
DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --progress=plain -t my-app:v1.0.0 .

# === ステージ 1: 依存関係インストール ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
 
# === ステージ 2: ビルド ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
# dist/ ディレクトリにコンパイル済みJSが生成される
 
# === ステージ 3: 本番用依存関係 ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS prod-deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production && npm cache clean --force
 
# === ステージ 4: 実行 ===
FROM node:20-alpine
RUN addgroup -S app && adduser -S app -G app
 
# PID 1 問題の解決
RUN apk add --no-cache dumb-init
 
WORKDIR /app
 
COPY --from=prod-deps --chown=app:app /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder --chown=app:app /app/dist ./dist
COPY --chown=app:app package.json ./
 
USER app
EXPOSE 3000
 
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --retries=3 \
    CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1
 
ENTRYPOINT ["dumb-init", "--"]
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

# === ステージ 1: ビルド ===
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
 
# セキュリティ: 証明書と非rootユーザーを事前準備
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates tzdata
RUN adduser -D -g '' appuser
 
WORKDIR /app
 
# 依存関係を先にダウンロード（キャッシュ効率化）
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download && go mod verify
 
# ソースコードをコピーしてビルド
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 \
    go build -ldflags="-w -s" -o /server ./cmd/server
 
# === ステージ 2: 実行（scratch = 空のベースイメージ） ===
FROM scratch
 
# ビルドステージから必要なファイルのみコピー
COPY --from=builder /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
COPY --from=builder /usr/share/zoneinfo /usr/share/zoneinfo
COPY --from=builder /etc/passwd /etc/passwd
COPY --from=builder /server /server
 
USER appuser
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

# ビルドとサイズ確認
docker build -t go-app .
docker images go-app
# REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
# go-app       latest    abc123         10 seconds ago   12.3MB
# <- Go バイナリ + 証明書のみ。OS すらない。

# マルチプラットフォーム対応の Go ビルド
FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
 
ARG TARGETOS
ARG TARGETARCH
 
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates tzdata git
 
WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
 
COPY . .
 
# クロスコンパイル（ビルドマシンのアーキテクチャに依存しない）
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=${TARGETOS} GOARCH=${TARGETARCH} \
    go build \
        -ldflags="-w -s -X main.version=$(git describe --tags 2>/dev/null || echo dev)" \
        -o /server \
        ./cmd/server
 
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
COPY --from=builder /usr/share/zoneinfo /usr/share/zoneinfo
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

# マルチプラットフォームビルド
docker buildx build \
    --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 \
    -t ghcr.io/myorg/go-app:v1.0.0 \
    --push .

# === ステージ 1: 依存関係ビルド（キャッシュ用） ===
FROM rust:1.75-alpine AS chef
RUN apk add --no-cache musl-dev
RUN cargo install cargo-chef
WORKDIR /app
 
# === ステージ 2: レシピ生成 ===
FROM chef AS planner
COPY . .
RUN cargo chef prepare --recipe-path recipe.json
 
# === ステージ 3: 依存関係ビルド ===
FROM chef AS builder
COPY --from=planner /app/recipe.json recipe.json
# 依存関係のみビルド（ソースコード変更時にキャッシュが効く）
RUN cargo chef cook --release --recipe-path recipe.json
 
# アプリケーションビルド
COPY . .
RUN cargo build --release
 
# === ステージ 4: 実行 ===
FROM alpine:3.19
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates
RUN addgroup -S app && adduser -S app -G app
 
COPY --from=builder /app/target/release/myapp /usr/local/bin/
 
USER app
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["myapp"]

FROM rust:1.75-alpine AS builder
RUN apk add --no-cache musl-dev
 
WORKDIR /app
 
# ターゲットの追加
RUN rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
 
COPY Cargo.toml Cargo.lock ./
# ダミービルドで依存関係のみコンパイル
RUN mkdir src && echo "fn main() {}" > src/main.rs
RUN cargo build --release --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
RUN rm -rf src
 
# 実際のソースでビルド
COPY src ./src
RUN touch src/main.rs
RUN RUSTFLAGS="-C target-feature=+crt-static" \
    cargo build --release --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
 
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /app/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/myapp /myapp
COPY --from=builder /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
 
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["/myapp"]

# === ステージ 1: 依存関係 ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
 
# === ステージ 2: ビルド ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY . .
 
# Next.js のスタンドアロン出力を有効化
# next.config.js に output: 'standalone' が必要
ENV NEXT_TELEMETRY_DISABLED=1
RUN npm run build
 
# === ステージ 3: 実行 ===
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
 
RUN addgroup -S app && adduser -S app -G app
 
# スタンドアロン出力のみコピー（node_modules の最小サブセット含む）
COPY --from=builder --chown=app:app /app/.next/standalone ./
COPY --from=builder --chown=app:app /app/.next/static ./.next/static
COPY --from=builder --chown=app:app /app/public ./public
 
USER app
EXPOSE 3000
ENV PORT=3000
ENV HOSTNAME="0.0.0.0"
ENV NEXT_TELEMETRY_DISABLED=1
CMD ["node", "server.js"]

// next.config.js
/** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */
const nextConfig = {
  output: 'standalone',  // スタンドアロン出力を有効化
  // 必要に応じて追加設定
  images: {
    remotePatterns: [
      { protocol: 'https', hostname: '**.example.com' },
    ],
  },
}
 
module.exports = nextConfig

# === ステージ 1: ビルド ===
FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jdk-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
 
COPY gradlew build.gradle.kts settings.gradle.kts ./
COPY gradle ./gradle
RUN ./gradlew dependencies --no-daemon
 
COPY src ./src
RUN ./gradlew bootJar --no-daemon
 
# レイヤードJAR展開（Spring Boot 3.x）
RUN java -Djarmode=layertools -jar build/libs/*.jar extract --destination extracted
 
# === ステージ 2: 実行 ===
FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jre-alpine
RUN addgroup -S app && adduser -S app -G app
WORKDIR /app
 
# レイヤー順にコピー（変更頻度: 低 -> 高）
COPY --from=builder /app/extracted/dependencies/ ./
COPY --from=builder /app/extracted/spring-boot-loader/ ./
COPY --from=builder /app/extracted/snapshot-dependencies/ ./
COPY --from=builder /app/extracted/application/ ./
 
USER app
EXPOSE 8080
 
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=60s --retries=3 \
    CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:8080/actuator/health || exit 1
 
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "org.springframework.boot.loader.launch.JarLauncher"]

# === ステージ 1: ビルド ===
FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
 
ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 \
    PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 \
    PIP_NO_CACHE_DIR=1
 
WORKDIR /app
 
# ビルド依存関係
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc libpq-dev && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
# Python パッケージのインストール（prefix で分離）
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --prefix=/install -r requirements.txt
 
# === ステージ 2: 実行 ===
FROM python:3.12-slim
 
ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 \
    PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1
 
WORKDIR /app
 
# ランタイム依存関係のみ（gcc は不要）
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libpq5 curl && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
# ビルドステージからインストール済みパッケージをコピー
COPY --from=builder /install /usr/local
 
RUN useradd --create-home --shell /bin/bash appuser
COPY --chown=appuser:appuser . .
 
USER appuser
EXPOSE 8000
 
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --retries=3 \
    CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/health || exit 1
 
CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000", "--workers", "4", "--worker-class", "uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker", "app.main:app"]

# === ステージ 1: Composer 依存関係 ===
FROM composer:2 AS vendor
WORKDIR /app
COPY composer.json composer.lock ./
RUN composer install \
    --no-dev \
    --no-interaction \
    --no-scripts \
    --ignore-platform-reqs \
    --prefer-dist
 
# === ステージ 2: フロントエンドビルド ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS frontend
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY resources ./resources
COPY vite.config.js ./
RUN npm run build
 
# === ステージ 3: 実行 ===
FROM php:8.3-fpm-alpine
 
# PHP 拡張
RUN docker-php-ext-install pdo pdo_mysql opcache
 
# Composer の vendor ディレクトリをコピー
COPY --from=vendor /app/vendor ./vendor
 
# フロントエンドビルド成果物をコピー
COPY --from=frontend /app/public/build ./public/build
 
# アプリケーションコード
COPY . .
 
# PHP-FPM 設定
COPY docker/php/php.ini /usr/local/etc/php/php.ini
 
RUN chown -R www-data:www-data /app/storage /app/bootstrap/cache
 
USER www-data
EXPOSE 9000
CMD ["php-fpm"]

# 他のイメージからファイルをコピー
FROM alpine:3.19
COPY --from=nginx:alpine /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/
COPY --from=busybox:uclibc /bin/wget /usr/local/bin/
 
# 特定のバイナリツールだけを持ってくる
FROM alpine:3.19
COPY --from=docker:24-cli /usr/local/bin/docker /usr/local/bin/
COPY --from=docker/compose:v2.24.0 /usr/local/bin/docker-compose /usr/local/bin/

# === ビルドステージ ===
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN go build -o /server ./cmd/server
 
# === テストステージ ===
FROM builder AS tester
RUN go test -v ./...
RUN go vet ./...
 
# === リントステージ ===
FROM builder AS linter
RUN go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
RUN golangci-lint run
 
# === 実行ステージ ===
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

# テストのみ実行
docker build --target tester .
 
# リントのみ実行
docker build --target linter .
 
# 全ステージを実行（テスト -> リント -> ビルド -> 最終イメージ）
docker build .
 
# テストが通らないと最終ステージもビルドされない
# （CI/CD で活用）

# === 依存関係 ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
 
# === リント ===
FROM deps AS linter
COPY . .
RUN npm run lint
RUN npm run type-check
 
# === テスト ===
FROM deps AS tester
COPY . .
RUN npm run test -- --coverage
 
# === ビルド ===
FROM deps AS builder
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
 
# === 本番 ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app
RUN addgroup -S app && adduser -S app -G app
 
COPY --from=builder --chown=app:app /app/dist ./dist
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production && npm cache clean --force
 
USER app
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

# CI/CD での段階的実行
docker build --target linter -t lint-check .     # リントのみ
docker build --target tester -t test-check .     # テストのみ
docker build --target production -t my-app .      # 本番ビルド

FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 
# パッケージキャッシュをマウント（ビルド間で再利用）
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
    go mod download
 
COPY . .
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
    CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o /server ./cmd/server
 
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

# Node.js の npm キャッシュ
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Python の pip キャッシュ
FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip \
    pip install --prefix=/install -r requirements.txt
 
FROM python:3.12-slim
COPY --from=builder /install /usr/local
COPY . .
CMD ["python", "app.py"]

# Rust の cargo キャッシュ
FROM rust:1.75-alpine AS builder
RUN apk add --no-cache musl-dev
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/app/target \
    cargo build --release && \
    cp target/release/myapp /usr/local/bin/
 
FROM alpine:3.19
COPY --from=builder /usr/local/bin/myapp /usr/local/bin/
CMD ["myapp"]

# ビルド時のシークレット（イメージに残らない）
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
 
# プライベートレジストリの認証情報をマウント
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=npmrc,target=/root/.npmrc \
    npm ci
 
COPY . .
CMD ["node", "server.js"]

# シークレットを指定してビルド
docker build --secret id=npmrc,src=.npmrc -t my-app .
 
# 複数のシークレット
docker build \
    --secret id=npmrc,src=.npmrc \
    --secret id=aws,src=$HOME/.aws/credentials \
    -t my-app .

# SSH 鍵を使ったプライベートリポジトリのクローン
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
RUN apk add --no-cache git openssh-client
 
# SSH known_hosts の設定
RUN mkdir -p -m 0700 ~/.ssh && \
    ssh-keyscan github.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
 
WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN --mount=type=ssh go mod download
 
COPY . .
RUN go build -o /server .
 
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

# SSH エージェントを使ってビルド
docker build --ssh default -t my-app .
 
# 特定の SSH 鍵を指定
docker build --ssh default=$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa -t my-app .

# === 共通ベース ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS base
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
 
# === 開発環境 ===
FROM base AS development
RUN npm install  # devDependencies も含む
COPY . .
# 開発ツール
RUN apk add --no-cache git curl
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "run", "dev"]
 
# === ビルド ===
FROM base AS builder
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
RUN npm run test
 
# === 本番環境 ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app
RUN addgroup -S app && adduser -S app -G app
RUN apk add --no-cache dumb-init
 
COPY --from=builder --chown=app:app /app/dist ./dist
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production && npm cache clean --force
 
USER app
EXPOSE 3000
 
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --retries=3 \
    CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1
 
ENTRYPOINT ["dumb-init", "--"]
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

# 開発環境でビルド
docker build --target development -t my-app:dev .
 
# 本番環境でビルド
docker build --target production -t my-app:prod .
 
# docker-compose.yml での使い分け

# docker-compose.yml (開発用)
services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: development
    volumes:
      - .:/app
      - /app/node_modules
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    command: npm run dev

# docker-compose.prod.yml (本番用)
services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: production
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    restart: unless-stopped

# BuildKit は依存関係のないステージを自動的に並列ビルドする
 
# === API ビルド ===
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS api-builder
WORKDIR /app/api
COPY api/ .
RUN go build -o /api-server .
 
# === ワーカービルド（API と並列で実行される） ===
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS worker-builder
WORKDIR /app/worker
COPY worker/ .
RUN go build -o /worker .
 
# === フロントエンドビルド（上記と並列で実行される） ===
FROM node:20-alpine AS frontend-builder
WORKDIR /app/frontend
COPY frontend/package.json frontend/package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY frontend/ .
RUN npm run build
 
# === 最終イメージ ===
FROM alpine:3.19
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates
 
COPY --from=api-builder /api-server /usr/local/bin/
COPY --from=worker-builder /worker /usr/local/bin/
COPY --from=frontend-builder /app/frontend/dist /var/www/html/
 
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["api-server"]

# .github/workflows/docker.yml
name: Docker Build and Test
 
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]
 
jobs:
  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          target: linter
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
 
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          target: tester
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
 
  build:
    needs: [lint, test]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          target: production
          push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
          tags: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max

# NG: ビルドステージの全ファイルをコピー
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm ci && npm run build
 
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app .  # <- 全てコピー（ソース、devDependencies含む）
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]
# -> マルチステージの意味がない
 
# OK: 必要なファイルだけをコピー
FROM node:20-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder /app/package.json ./
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

# NG: HTTPS通信ができない
FROM golang:1.22 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o /server .
 
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
# -> 外部APIへのHTTPS通信で証明書エラー
 
# OK: CA証明書をコピー
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o /server .
 
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

# NG: 毎回全依存関係を再インストール
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .                    # ソースコード変更 → 全キャッシュ無効
RUN npm ci                  # 毎回再実行
RUN npm run build
 
# OK: 依存関係ファイルを先にコピー
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./  # 依存関係変更時のみキャッシュ無効
RUN npm ci                               # キャッシュが効く
COPY . .                                 # ソースコードのみ再コピー
RUN npm run build

# 問題: scratch にはシェルがないためデバッグ困難
FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
# -> docker exec でシェルに入れない
# -> ファイルシステムの確認ができない
 
# 解決策 1: デバッグ用タグを用意
FROM alpine:3.19 AS debug
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
 
FROM scratch AS production
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
 
# 解決策 2: distroless の debug バリアント
FROM gcr.io/distroless/static-debian12:debug
COPY --from=builder /server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
# -> busybox シェルでデバッグ可能

# 演習1: 基本実装のテンプレート
class Exercise1:
    """基本的な実装パターンの演習"""
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = []
 
    def validate_input(self, value):
        """入力値の検証"""
        if value is None:
            raise ValueError("入力値がNoneです")
        return True
 
    def process(self, value):
        """データ処理のメインロジック"""
        self.validate_input(value)
        self.data.append(value)
        return self.data
 
    def get_results(self):
        """処理結果の取得"""
        return {
            'count': len(self.data),
            'data': self.data
        }
 
# テスト
def test_exercise1():
    ex = Exercise1()
    assert ex.process(1) == [1]
    assert ex.process(2) == [1, 2]
    assert ex.get_results()['count'] == 2
 
    try:
        ex.process(None)
        assert False, "例外が発生するべき"
    except ValueError:
        pass
 
    print("全テスト合格!")
 
test_exercise1()

# 演習2: 応用パターン
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
from datetime import datetime
 
class AdvancedExercise:
    """応用パターンの演習"""
 
    def __init__(self, max_size: int = 100):
        self._items: List[Dict] = []
        self._max_size = max_size
        self._created_at = datetime.now()
 
    def add(self, key: str, value: any) -> bool:
        """アイテムの追加（サイズ制限付き）"""
        if len(self._items) >= self._max_size:
            return False
        self._items.append({
            'key': key,
            'value': value,
            'timestamp': datetime.now().isoformat()
        })
        return True
 
    def find(self, key: str) -> Optional[Dict]:
        """キーによる検索"""
        for item in reversed(self._items):
            if item['key'] == key:
                return item
        return None
 
    def remove(self, key: str) -> bool:
        """キーによる削除"""
        for i, item in enumerate(self._items):
            if item['key'] == key:
                self._items.pop(i)
                return True
        return False
 
    def stats(self) -> Dict:
        """統計情報"""
        return {
            'total_items': len(self._items),
            'max_size': self._max_size,
            'usage_percent': len(self._items) / self._max_size * 100,
            'uptime': str(datetime.now() - self._created_at)
        }
 
# テスト
def test_advanced():
    ex = AdvancedExercise(max_size=3)
    assert ex.add("a", 1) == True
    assert ex.add("b", 2) == True
    assert ex.add("c", 3) == True
    assert ex.add("d", 4) == False  # サイズ制限
    assert ex.find("b")['value'] == 2
    assert ex.remove("b") == True
    assert ex.find("b") is None
    stats = ex.stats()
    assert stats['total_items'] == 2
    print("応用テスト全合格!")
 
test_advanced()

# 演習3: パフォーマンス最適化
import time
from functools import lru_cache
 
# 最適化前（O(n^2)）
def slow_search(data: list, target: int) -> int:
    """非効率な検索"""
    for i in range(len(data)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(data)):
            if data[i] + data[j] == target:
                return (i, j)
    return (-1, -1)
 
# 最適化後（O(n)）
def fast_search(data: list, target: int) -> tuple:
    """ハッシュマップを使った効率的な検索"""
    seen = {}
    for i, num in enumerate(data):
        complement = target - num
        if complement in seen:
            return (seen[complement], i)
        seen[num] = i
    return (-1, -1)
 
# ベンチマーク
def benchmark():
    import random
    data = list(range(5000))
    random.shuffle(data)
    target = data[100] + data[4000]
 
    start = time.time()
    result1 = slow_search(data, target)
    slow_time = time.time() - start
 
    start = time.time()
    result2 = fast_search(data, target)
    fast_time = time.time() - start
 
    print(f"非効率版: {slow_time:.4f}秒")
    print(f"効率版:   {fast_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"高速化率: {slow_time/fast_time:.0f}倍")
 
benchmark()

# デバッグ用ユーティリティ
import logging
import traceback
from functools import wraps
 
# ロガーの設定
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    format='%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(name)s: %(message)s'
)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
def debug_decorator(func):
    """関数の入出力をログ出力するデコレータ"""
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        logger.debug(f"呼び出し: {func.__name__}(args={args}, kwargs={kwargs})")
        try:
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            logger.debug(f"戻り値: {func.__name__} -> {result}")
            return result
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"例外発生: {func.__name__}: {e}")
            logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
            raise
    return wrapper
 
@debug_decorator
def process_data(items):
    """データ処理（デバッグ対象）"""
    if not items:
        raise ValueError("空のデータ")
    return [item * 2 for item in items]

# 設計判断の記録テンプレート
class ArchitectureDecisionRecord:
    """ADR (Architecture Decision Record) の作成"""
 
    def __init__(self, title: str):
        self.title = title
        self.context = ""
        self.decision = ""
        self.consequences = []
        self.alternatives = []
 
    def set_context(self, context: str):
        """背景と課題の記述"""
        self.context = context
        return self
 
    def set_decision(self, decision: str):
        """決定内容の記述"""
        self.decision = decision
        return self
 
    def add_consequence(self, consequence: str, positive: bool = True):
        """結果の追加"""
        self.consequences.append({
            'description': consequence,
            'type': 'positive' if positive else 'negative'
        })
        return self
 
    def add_alternative(self, name: str, reason_rejected: str):
        """却下した代替案の追加"""
        self.alternatives.append({
            'name': name,
            'reason_rejected': reason_rejected
        })
        return self
 
    def to_markdown(self) -> str:
        """Markdown形式で出力"""
        md = f"# ADR: {self.title}\n\n"
        md += f"## 背景\n{self.context}\n\n"
        md += f"## 決定\n{self.decision}\n\n"
        md += "## 結果\n"
        for c in self.consequences:
            icon = "✅" if c['type'] == 'positive' else "⚠️"
            md += f"- {icon} {c['description']}\n"
        md += "\n## 却下した代替案\n"
        for a in self.alternatives:
            md += f"- **{a['name']}**: {a['reason_rejected']}\n"
        return md